Ocean economy, trade policy and the climate and development nexus
The ocean is essential to all life. It sustains biodiversity, regulates the climate and generates oxygen while supporting food security, creating jobs and driving global trade.
But climate change, overfishing and pollution threaten marine ecosystems and the 600 million people worldwide who rely on fisheries for their livelihoods.
The 5th UN Ocean Forum will unite global leaders, experts and stakeholders to align trade and economic policies with ocean sustainability and the sustainable use of marine resources.
The forum will be held in person and online. It is open to the public, but registration is required. Register now.
Ocean of opportunities threatened by rising risks
The ocean economy is growing fast, creating new opportunities, particularly for developing countries and vulnerable coastal communities.
- The ocean economy is outpacing other sectors, expanding 2.5 times since 1995 compared to 1.9 times for the global economy.
- Ocean trade in goods and services hit a record of $2.2 trillion in exports in 2023, showing a strong recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic.
- South-South trade in fisheries is surging, with primary fish exports growing 43% to $19 billion from 2021 to 2023, while processed fish exports soared 89% to $23 billion in the same period.
- Marine-based substitutes for plastics offer a $10.8 billion market opportunity that can help cut plastic pollution while creating new business avenues.
However, governance gaps and mounting environmental and climate pressures threaten the ocean economy’s long-term sustainability.
- 2024 was the warmest year on record for seawater, with temperatures 1.55°C (exceeding the critical 1.5°C threshold) above pre-industrial levels, disrupting marine ecosystems. Rising sea levels jeopardize coastal infrastructure and shipping routes, affecting global trade.
- The ocean economy accounts for 11% of global CO2 emissions yet remains one of the least-funded Sustainable Development Goal areas. Goal 14 (live under water) requires $175 billion annually, but only $30 billion has been disbursed since 2010.
- $22 billion in harmful fishing subsidies continue to deplete fish stocks and threaten marine biodiversity.
For more insight into the opportunities and risks impacting the ocean economy, read the article: The ocean economy is booming. But for how long?
Platform for change: Driving innovation and action
The 5th UN Ocean Forum will be a pivotal platform for stakeholders to shape global trade-related ocean policies by:
- Delivering a set of coherent policy recommendations – in the form of a Chair’s summary by co-chairs France and Costa Rica – to the 2025 United Nations Ocean Conference in June, laying the groundwork for action-oriented voluntary commitments.
- Contributing to the Blue Economy and Finance Forum in June 2025 and the 16th UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD16) in October 2025.
- Coordinating global efforts to implement recommendations to support the emergence of sustainable ocean-based economies in small island developing states (SIDS) and coastal communities, in line with the UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD) SIDS strategy.
The forum will also launch key initiatives, including:
- A renewed Ocean Trade Database with specific economic indicators under UNCTADstat, providing country-level data, indicators and visualization tools.
- An UNCTAD and UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs project on evidence-based ocean climate action, using artificial intelligence and data innovation to support Caribbean SIDS which has been deposited as a voluntary commitment under the UN Ocean Conference.
- A proposal for a UN task force on seaweed development, promoting the sustainable growth of the seaweed sector.
Forum programme
The 5th Ocean Forum will feature a high-level segment opened by UNCTAD Secretary-General Rebeca Grynspan and five thematic sessions focused on:
- Trade trends
- Nationally Determined Contributions for ocean sectors
- South-South trade
- Innovative marine products
- Blue finance
UNCTAD and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization will present a background note to support informed discussions at the forum. Translation will be available in all six UN official languages.
Forum partners will organize side events to explore the links between trade policy, the ocean economy and climate action.
Special event: Marine-based Products and Services Expo
Running alongside the Forum, the expo will feature 14 exhibitors, from international organizations to private manufacturers, showcasing sustainable marine-based products and services.
It will transform the 3rd floor of the Palais des Nations into a dynamic "Ocean Economy" hub, offering participants a unique opportunity to explore cutting-edge innovations driving sustainable use of the ocean.
Forum partners
Rebeca Grynspan, of Costa Rica, became UNCTAD's eighth Secretary-General on 13 September 2021 and is the first woman to lead the organization.
Prior to her UNCTAD appointment, she was the Ibero-American secretary-general from 2014 to 2021, also the first woman to head the organization. During her mandate, she has coordinated the 22-member Iberoamerican Conference and led four key summits of Heads of State and Government.
In 2010 she was appointed Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations and Associate Administrator of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and prior to that was UNDP Regional Director for Latin America and the Caribbean.
Prior to joining the United Nations, Ms. Grynspan served as Vice-President of Costa Rica from 1994 to 1998. She was also Minister of Housing, Minister Coordinator of Economic and Social Affairs, and Deputy Minister of Finance. In 2021 she was named Special International Advisor to the newly created Economic and Social Council of Argentina and invited to join as member of the G20 High-Level Independent Panel on Financing the Global Commons for Pandemic Preparedness and Response.
In addition to her experience as a lecturer and advisor to several international organizations, she has been actively involved in key United Nations initiatives, such as the Millennium Project's Task Force on Poverty and Economic Development and the High-level Panel on Financing for Development.
In 2014 and 2015, she was recognized as one of the 50 leading intellectuals of Latin America. And she was recognized as one of the 100 most powerful women in Central America by Forbes magazine.
Ms Grynspan holds a degree in Economics by the University of Costa Rica and a MSc in Economics by the University of Sussex. She has been awarded a Doctorate Honoris Causa by the University of Salamanca, the University of Extremadura and the European University of Madrid in recognition of her outstanding professional achievements.
Luz Maria de la Mora is the Director of UNCTAD's Division on International Trade and Commodities. As a former Vice-Minister for International Trade and decades of government and private sector positions, Ms. de la Mora developed a career in international trade policy, negotiation, operations, and trade promotion.
During her tenure as Vice-Minister for International Trade of Mexico from 2018 to 2022, Ms. de la Mora led Mexico's trade and investment policy, overseeing fourteen free trade agreements with 51 countries. To bolster Mexico's development, she steered discussions in the World Trade Organization, the United States-Mexico-Canada Trade Agreement, Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, and Pacific Alliance, among others. She also coordinated policy dialogues and handled private sector consultations.
Ms. de la Mora holds a PhD in Political Science from Yale University, USA, a Master's degree in International Affairs from Carleton University, Canada, and a Bachelor's degree in International Relations from El Colegio de México, Mexico.
She is fluent in English and Spanish, and proficient in French.
Audun has been with FAO for 25 years, where he is currently the Deputy Director of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Division. Audun was for many years also the Secretary of FAO’s Sub-Committee on Fish Trade (COFI:FT), the main international body for discussion and recommendations on trade and market issues in the sector, as well as the Coordinator of the GLOBEFISH project.
His thematic work areas include aquaculture policy development and management, commodity price trends and price indexes, policy issues related to international trade and market access, market-based instruments, social responsibility, certification, traceability, trade and food security, gender issues, and domestic and regional market development.
Before joining FAO, he worked as an independent agribusiness consultant, project manager at Norway’s Embassy in Italy, and financial analyst on the Oslo Stock Exchange.
Audun has a Ph.D. in Agricultural Sciences from the Sea Fisheries Institute in Poland, a Master’s in Business Administration from Harvard University, and a Bachelor of Arts in Economics from the Norwegian School of Economics.
Mr. Vladimir Jares is the Director of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Office of Legal Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. He has dealt with many issues concerning the law of the sea, in particular those related to the implementation of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and related Agreements. Since 1997, he has been involved in providing services to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf and has served as its Secretary. He has also been involved in capacity-building activities of the Division, delivering many of its training courses, including on UNCLOS article 76 implementation.
A former United Nations diplomat with 27 years of experience in the diplomatic service. He served on request as Secretary of the Ministerial meetings of the G77 prior to UNCTAD in Tehran, Havana, Morocco, South Africa and as Secretary of the G77 regional meetings in Bangladesh, Jordan, Lebanon.
He assisted and advised the Government of Qatar in organizing the South Summit in Doha, 2004, and other countless events including the GATES conference in Shanghai and GPA in Beijing.
He has BA in business administration from Mustensiriya University (1968) and a Msc and PhD at the University of Wales (1972-76).
Chantal Line Carpentier joined UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD)'s Division on International Trade and Commodities (DITC) in 2014, after serving as Chief, UNCTAD New York Office of the Secretary-General. She brings to the Branch over 25 years of work experience in international trade, and environmental and agro-economics.
Prior to working with UNCTAD, she supported the Commission on Sustainable Development and served as Major Groups (of non-State actors) coordinator for the UN Rio+20 Conference and the SDGs negotiations at the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). She also supported the sustainable consumption and production and sustainable agriculture negotiations.
As Head of the North American Free Trade Agreement Commission for Environmental Cooperations, she lead work on the nexus of environment, economy, and trade. She also served as Agro-environmental Policy Analyst for Winrock International, and post-Doctoral fellow/Brazil office manager for the International Food Policy Research Institute.
She has an extensive list of publications on sustainable agriculture, trade and environment, sustainable consumption and production, financing for sustainable development, stakeholder engagement, global value chains, micro, small and medium enterprises, and economic empowerment of women.
She obtained a PhD. in Agro-Environmental Economics from Virginia Technology and MSc. and BSc. from McGill University.
Frida Youssef is the chief of the Transport Section within the Trade Logistics Branch at UNCTAD.
She has more than twenty-five years of professional experience in areas related to trade, logistics, commodities, finance, and sustainable development, which has given her the opportunity to build, lead and motivate research and technical assistance programmes, geared towards developing countries in a broad range of issues, including commodity supply chains and structured finance, public-private partnerships (PPPs), maritime transport and ports, transit transport and corridors, and cross-cutting issues such as environment, climate change, gender, finance and investment. She is a co-author of the UNCTAD's annual Review of Maritime Transport. Frida holds an MBA from Boston University and an MA in International Affairs from the Hautes Etudes Internationales - Paris.;
She is a member of the Steering Committee of the Global Network of Export-Import Banks and Development Finance Institutions (G-NEXID). She is also on the Steering Committee of the Port Chapter of the World Association of PPPs Units and Professionals (WAPPP).
Regina Asariotis is Chief (a.i.) of the Trade Logistics Branch in the Division on Technology and Logistics of UNCTAD. She is also Chief of the Policy and Legislation Section, with responsibility for work on transport law and policy.
This includes extensive research, expert dialogue and technical cooperation on implications of climate change for maritime transport and trade, with focus on climate change impacts and adaptation for seaports and other critical transport infrastructure, including in SIDS. Before joining UNCTAD in 2001, Regina was a Senior Lecturer in Maritime Law at the University of Southampton. She holds a German law degree, an LL.M, as well as a PhD from the University of Hamburg and is a Barrister (England & Wales) and Attorney at Law (Greece), as well as Member of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb).
David Vivas Eugui is Chief (a.i) of the Trade, Environment and Sustainable Development Branch at UNCTAD.
Previously, he was a Senior Economic Affairs Officer in UNCTAD’s Trade Negotiations and Commercial Diplomacy Branch, Deputy Programmes Director at the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD), Senior Attorney at the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL), Attaché for Legal Affairs at the Mission of Venezuela to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and Staff Attorney at the Venezuelan Institute of Foreign Trade. David is an international expert with more than 20 years of experience on legal and economic issues.
He has worked as an advisor and consultant for various institutions, international and national organizations and has lectured on intellectual property, trade, oceans economy and environmental law at the University of Strasbourg (CEIPI), Universidad de Buenos Aires (Argentina), Universidad Javeriana (Colombia), Maastricht University (the Netherlands), WIPO Distant Learning Academy, and University of Business and International Studies (Switzerland).
He holds a JD from the Universidad Catolica Andres Bello, an LLM from Georgetown University and a Master in Transnational Business from the Universidad Externado de Colombia.
Christophe Bellmann is the Head of Policy Analysis and Strategy at the Forum on Trade, Environment and the SDGs.
He is also an Associate Fellow at Chatham House and a Visiting Fellow, at the Institute of International Trade of the University of Adelaide. Since 2014, he serves as adviser to the group of least developed countries in WTO negotiations. His work focuses on trade and environment, climate change, the circular economy, development and food security.
Before joining TESS, Mr. Bellmann was a Senior Policy Advisor at the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and a Senior Resident Research Associate at the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD). Over the course of his career, he has worked in different capacities for various international organizations including FAO, UNCTAD, the OECD, the WTO and ECLAC.
He holds a master's degree from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva.
Vincent Doumeizel is Senior Adviser on the oceans to the United Nations Global Compact as well as director of the Food Programme at the Lloyd’s Register Foundation.
A self-described optimist and global citizen, Vincent has in recent years devoted himself to promoting a food revolution and environmental solutions based on sea resources, especially seaweed. Vincent leads the charitable objectives of the Foundation through the funding of innovative projects to drive safety in the food supply chain.
Partnering with the UN, FAO, World Bank, WWF, universities, NGOs and large brands, Vincent released the “Seaweed Manifesto” and now co-leads the Global Seaweed Coalition with the objective to scale up the seaweed industry safely in order to address some of the world’s most important challenges, such as hunger, global warming, pollution and poverty.
Ms. Jessy Carmelle Petit-Frère is a professor, researcher and speaker at Université Publique du Sud au Cayes. She is also the Founder and Principal (Chief Executive Officer) of Executive Management Consultancy Inc. in Port-Au-Prince, Haiti.
Previously, she worked for the World Bank in the capacity of Project Management in the education sector. She is a private sector development specialist at the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). She implemented a youth entrepreneurship program/small business development project in Comoros. In Haiti, she was Minister of Commerce, Trade and Industry and worked to promote and foster the development of domestic commerce, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and industries.
As Minister of Haitians Living Abroad, she developed and implemented policies, programs, and services to facilitate the integration and involvement of Haitians living abroad. She has gained many professional experiences with leading international organizations. She conducted business missions to 43 countries in Europe, Latin America, Africa, Oceania, and Asia to negotiate projects and set up contractual agreements. She was a panelist at UNCTAD on Trade Capacity Building.
Usha Chandnee Dwarka-Canabady is Permanent Representative of the Republic of Mauritius to the United Nations and other International Organizations in Geneva.
Prior to this appointment, Ambassador Dwarka-Canabady was, since November 2015, Secretary for Foreign Affairs of Mauritius, after having been acting Secretary for Foreign Affairs between April 2013 and October 2015. She was also Head of the Multilateral Economic Directorate (January 2007 to March 2013) and Head of the Multilateral Political Department (May 2006-2007) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Regional Integration in Port-Louis, Mauritius.
Mrs Dwarka-Canabady has a BA in Psychology, Sociology and English from the University of Leicester, an MA in International Politics from the University Libre of Brussels, and a Diplomatic Studies Program Certificate from the Graduate Institute International Studies in Geneva.
Alfredo is Head of the World Economic Forum’s Ocean Action Agenda and Friends of Ocean Action. He has wide experience spearheading the creation of public-private partnerships to address pressing ocean challenges related to marine conservation and restoration, sustainable fisheries management, scaling up ocean innovation, and accelerating the transition of industries towards nature-positvie practices for the blue economy. His work has contributed to strengthening the role of science and technology in marine policy and business practices in several countries and to influence intergovernmental processes.
He holds a PhD in Oceanography from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and a Bachelor in Science from Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Mexico. He is a Roger Revelle awardee by the US National Academy of Sciences in 2021 for his contributions to global ocean policy.
He is a national of Austria with over 15 years of professional experience in environmental diplomacy, policy, and law. He began his professional career at the regional and national levels and joined UNEP in 2005, fulfilling growing responsibilities for the organization. Most recently, he was deputy director and acting director (2019–2021) of UNEP’s Law Division.
Among his key professional achievements are the repositioning of the Montevideo Environmental Law Programme, his work on improving governance of natural resources, human rights and the environment, or his support to the implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs), among others. In 2012, he led the planning and organization of the first World Congress on Justice, Governance and Law for Environmental Sustainability as part of the UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20).
Earlier in his career, Arnold worked in the governmental, non-governmental and private sectors. He holds a doctorate in international law from the University of Vienna and a master's degree in advanced international studies from the Diplomatic Academy of Vienna.
Emma Algotsson is an environmental lawyer investigating the drivers of environmental impacts and finding solutions in innovation. She is the project lead for Catchgreen - a cross-sector collaborative research project that has developed and tested a new material for biodegradable fishing nets.
Emma’s role encompasses innovation in business models, product design, and piloting of new materials and technologies. Emma further heads up Catchgreen’s advocacy outreach and policy development, with a focus on trade and waste management interventions.
Commerijn Plomp is First Secretary at the Netherlands’ Permanent Representation in Geneva. She works in the economic section, where she covers WTO, WMO and WIPO. Since early 2024 she has been co-chairing the steering committee of the WTO’s Fish Fund. Upon entry into force of the WTO’s Fisheries Subsidies Agreement the Fish Fund will be ready to support developing countries in their implementation of obligations. Commerijn has a keen interest in nature conservation and in several previously held positions she was involved in projects with the fisheries sector and in port development.
Danielle Howell is a Disaster Risk Management Consultant who started her career interning at the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA) in 2015 post graduating from University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus with a Bachelor’s of Science in Environmental and Natural Resources Management.
Ms. Howell joined the Department of Emergency Management (DEM) in 2016 where she spent five years as a Consultant and a Programme Officer. Danielle’s portfolio at the DEM included working with the Technical Standing Committee on Coastal Hazards and coordinating the Coastal Hazards and Earthquake Smart Month of Activities, inclusive of the annual Caribe Wave regional exercise.
Ms. Howell’s biggest project at the DEM involved working closely with The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Tsunami Ready Recognition Pilot Programme, to ensure that the north western coast of the island of Barbados received its Tsunami Ready status. Success was achieved in September 2020 when Shermans, St. Lucy to Mullins, St. Peter was recognized as Tsunami Ready. During this interim, Danielle also maintained the DEM’s social media platforms and was the brainchild behind the annual “Run Tsunami Run: 5K Walk and Run”.
Over the years, Danielle facilitated many presentations on Introduction to Disaster Management, participated in the World Bank’s Understanding Risk Conference as a youth panelist and attended the Environmental Management and Sustainable Development training course in Suzhou, China.
In 2020, Danielle captured the prestigious Chevening scholarship funded by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office and travelled to the United Kingdom to pursue a Master’s of Science in Coastal and Marine Resources Management at the University of Portsmouth. Her dissertation focused on bridging the relationship between coastal and marine management, disaster management and public communication and was titled “A critical evaluation of public attitudes and perceptions to coastal hazards: A case study of Barbados”. It is anticipated that this research will aid in shaping a communications strategy for coastal risk management in Barbados by increasing public awareness and education that will assist the country to become a better prepared and resilient coastal island.
Danielle is a current member of the Kiwanis Club of Barbados Young Professionals and the Caribbean Youth Environmental Network (CYEN) where she sat on the Executive Board during 2019- 2020 calendar year.
Minna Epps is the Global Ocean Director of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN), leading the Union’s global ocean-related work, including programmatic development and delivery of multi-million dollar progammes dedicated to commissioning cutting edge marine scientific research (ocean acidification, deoxygenation and marine heatwaves and how it effects marine biodiversity and ocean health), implementing pioneering nature-based solutions, sustainable blue economy solutions and deploying innovative blended finance mechanisms in partnership with private investors and public funding.
Global ocean policy work include Head of IUCN Delegations for various Multilateral Environmental Agreements and negotiations including the recent High Seas BBNJ Treaty negotiation.
She brings her experience from IUCN, Marine Stewardship Council, European Commission, United Nations Environment programme, World Trade organisation, and marine conservation NGOs. Minna is a marine biologist with studies from Imperial College, Rhode Island School of Oceanography and UC Berkeley.
Sainabou Taal heads the fisheries subsidies work at the World Trade Organization. Sai previously worked in the WTO Development Division, the United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs and the Gambian Ministry of Trade, Industry and Regional Integration.
Sai holds an LLM from the University of Edinburgh, a Master in International Law and Economics from the World Trade Institute, and a B.A in Economics from the University of Toronto.
Regina Asariotis is Chief (a.i.) of the Trade Logistics Branch in the Division on Technology and Logistics of UNCTAD. She is also Chief of the Policy and Legislation Section, with responsibility for work on transport law and policy.
This includes extensive research, expert dialogue and technical cooperation on implications of climate change for maritime transport and trade, with focus on climate change impacts and adaptation for seaports and other critical transport infrastructure, including in SIDS. Before joining UNCTAD in 2001, Regina was a Senior Lecturer in Maritime Law at the University of Southampton. She holds a German law degree, an LL.M, as well as a PhD from the University of Hamburg and is a Barrister (England & Wales) and Attorney at Law (Greece), as well as Member of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb).
Ronald Jackson has over Twenty (23) years of experience in Disaster Risk Reduction, Recovery and Management. He is currently the Head of Disaster Risk Reduction, Recovery and Resilience Building Team within the Crisis Bureau at the United Nations Development Programme.
Ronald has served as the Executive Director of the Caribbean Disaster and Emergency Management Agency for seven (7) years where he led the framing of the 2014-2024 Comprehensive Disaster Management Strategy for CARICOM and the Development of the Caribbean Pathway for Resilience in 2018; He was instrumental in establishing the Regions First Caribbean Consortium for Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems in 2019, The Establishment of the Regional Training Centre and the Caribbean Risk Information System in 2018 and 2019 respectively.
He has also served as the Director General and Deputy Director General of the Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management (ODPEM) in Jamaica where he received a Certificate of Commendation from the Caribbean Community for his contribution to the rescue and recovery efforts in the aftermath of the January 2010 Haiti Earthquake.
2025 UN Ocean Conference, Nice, France (9–13 June 2025)
Related
Topic
Trade and environmentProgramme
- Oceans Economy and Fisheries
- Circular Economy
- Transport policy and legislation
- Climate change adaptation and maritime transport
Project
Meeting series
Event
- Marine-based Products and Services Expo
- 5th UN Ocean Forum side event: From land to sea - Scaling innovations to tackle marine pollution
- 5th UN Ocean Forum side event: International fisheries access agreements - Challenges and opportunities to optimize development impacts
- 5th UN Ocean Forum side event: Women navigating the Blue Economy - A conversation on challenges and opportunities in the context of value addition
- Information session on the Global System of Trade Preferences (GSTP)
Contact
UN Trade and Development (leading agency):
David Vivas Eugui, [email protected]
Henrique Pacini, [email protected]
Ludovic Arnaud, [email protected]
Maria Durleva, [email protected]
Partner organizations:
UN DESA: Madhushree Chatterjee, [email protected]
FAO: Mariana Toussaint, [email protected]
UNEP: Sinikinesh Beyene Jimma, [email protected]
DOALOS: Francois Bailet, [email protected]
Commonwealth Secretariat: Brendan Vickers, [email protected]
OACPS: Cristelle Pratt, [email protected]
International Oceans Institute (IOI): Cosmin Chivu, [email protected]